Diamonds created from carbon are the hardest natural substance in the world; with each carbon atom surrounded by a further four. Diamonds are usually light yellow to colorless but also brown, blue, green, orange, red and black; and may be as much as three billion years old. The crystallization of diamonds occurs around 200 km beneath the surface of the earth, with the cloven crystals being brought to the surface by means including the so-called kimberlitic pipes. These hot stone formations are cylindrical in shape and act as a flow from the depths of the earth to the continental crust.

Diamonds may be classified by use of several types: these being Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb. While information important for a diamond cutter, this is of no significance to anyone interested in diamonds as precious stones or jewellery. The exceptional optical properties and hardness of diamonds have also made them deserving of the highest recognition in industry. They have a long history of permanence and indestructibility, hence their Greek name – adamas.

Individuals and communities alike have given diamonds an important role, both symbolic and scientific, the latter also for their industrial value. Scientists and laypeople are fascinated by diamonds on account of this dual nature, their scientific and industrial utility as well as the romantic rumor born of tradition and publicity. The origin of diamonds was revealed and established in the 20th century and recognition of the value of diamonds dates back to the times of their discovery in India since prior to 400 BC. The diamond has long been regarded as the essence of purity and indomitability, as a mark of royalty and a symbol of eternal love.